Abstract
Bacterial spore-forming Bacillaceae species, including Bacillus subtilis and Heyndrickxia coagulans, are increasingly utilized for probiotic dietary supplementation. Bacillus velezensis is a Bacillus species that is frequently used as a direct-fed microbial in animal feed but less so as a probiotic for humans. The objective of this study was to characterize the suitability of the Bacillus velezensis strain BV379 for probiotic applications by (1) in silico screening for both adverse genetic elements and putatively beneficial traits, (2) in vitro evaluation of interactions with human intestinal epithelial cells, and (3) in vitro characterization of BV379 spore viability at various temperatures, pH, and in the presence of bile salt. In silico screening of the BV379 genome revealed few genes encoding Bacillaceae-associated toxins, virulence factors, and enzymes involved in the production of toxins. While BV379 encodes five antimicrobial resistance genes, minimum inhibitory concentration assays determined that BV379 is susceptible to all eight clinically relevant antibiotics tested. Preliminary cell culture experiments showed that BV379 lysates did not adversely impact human intestinal epithelial cell viability and monolayer permeability. It was also determined that BV379 spores can easily tolerate the harsh pH, bile salt, and microaerobic conditions typical of the GI tract. Altogether, the results presented herein support the safety and potential of Bacillus velezensis strain BV379 for use as an oral probiotic.