Abstract
Planorbid freshwater snails are important intermediate hosts for parasitic diseases caused by parasitic worms, most notably schistosomiasis. There are numerous reports of snails, specifically Biomphalaria glabrata, having compromised defences against schistosomes after being exposed to thermal stress. Environmental modifications to the defenses of schistosome transmitting snails could have negative ramifications for human disease risk in the context of climate change. Here the effects of heat shock on the production of hydrogen peroxide, a primary anti-microbial effector in many molluscs, were examined. The present findings show that heat shock increases NADPH oxidase 2 mRNA levels and hydrogen peroxide produced by snail hemocytes, and that both of these phenotypes could be reversed by an HSP-90 inhibitor. These findings indicate that snail defense systems are altered by heat shock at a molecular level in B. glabrata, and that snail immunity to many pathogens may be altered by the rapid variations in temperature that are associated with global climate change.