Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at high risk of severe complications from COVID-19 and functional monocyte disturbances have been implicated to play a role. Our objective was to analyse the association between kidney function and monocyte modulatory factors, with risk of mortality in patients with COVID-19. Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (n = 110) were included and in-hospital mortality was analysed with unadjusted and adjusted multiple logistic regression analysis. Plasma levels of monocyte chemoattractant factors (MIP-1α, MCP-1, IL-6) and a monocyte immune modulator (sCD14) were analysed and correlated to kidney function and risk of mortality. Monocyte modulatory factors were also determined in CKD patients without infection (disease controls) and in healthy subjects. Patients who died in hospital were more often in CKD stages 3-5, with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and had significantly higher MIP-1α and IL-6 levels than survivors. In multiple regression analyses adjusted for age, sex and eGFR, both high MCP-1 and high MIP-1α were significantly associated with risk of in-hospital mortality. Apart from impaired kidney function, also the concentrations of MCP-1 and MIP-1α add important prognostic information in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. These data provide an increased understanding of the impact of monocyte modulators in patients with COVID-19 and normal or impaired kidney function, and warrant consideration in the pursuit of new effective therapies.