Abstract
Dynamic changes in DNA methylation are prevalent during the progression of breast cancer. However, critical alterations in aberrant methylation and gene expression patterns have not been thoroughly characterized. Here, we utilized guide positioning sequencing (GPS) to conduct whole-genome DNA methylation analysis in a unique human breast cancer progression model: MCF10 series of cell lines (representing benign/normal, atypical hyperplasia, and metastatic carcinoma). By integrating with mRNA-seq and matched clinical expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), six representative methylation-related differentially expressed genes (mrDEGs) were identified, including CAVIN2, ARL4D, DUSP1, TENT5B, P3H2, and MMP28. To validate our findings, we independently developed and optimized the dCas9-DNMT3L-DNMT3A system, achieving a high efficiency with a 98% increase in methylation at specific sites. DNA methylation levels significantly increased for the six genes, with CAVIN2 at 67.75 ± 1.05%, ARL4D at 53.29 ± 6.32%, DUSP1 at 57.63 ± 8.46%, TENT5B at 44.00 ± 5.09%, P3H2 at 58.50 ± 3.90%, and MMP28 at 49.60 ± 5.84%. RT-qPCR confirmed an inverse correlation between increased DNA methylation and gene expression. Most importantly, we mimicked tumor progression in vitro, demonstrating that transcriptional silencing of the TENT5B promotes cell proliferation in MCF10A cells owing to the crosstalk between hypermethylation and histone deacetylation. This study unveils the practical implications of DNA methylation dynamics of mrDEGs in reshaping epigenomic features during breast cancer malignant progression through integrated data analysis of the methylome and transcriptome. The application of the CRISPR/dCas9-based methylation editing technique elucidates the regulatory mechanisms and functional roles of individual genes within the DNA methylation signature, providing valuable insights for understanding breast cancer pathogenesis and facilitating potential therapeutic approaches in epigenome editing for patients with breast cancer.