Chronic exposure to imidacloprid or thiamethoxam neonicotinoid causes oxidative damages and alters carotenoid-retinoid levels in caged honey bees (Apis mellifera).

长期接触吡虫啉或噻虫嗪等新烟碱类杀虫剂会导致笼养蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）体内的氧化损伤，并改变其类胡萝卜素-类视黄酸水平