PPARγ agonist pioglitazone reverses memory impairment and biochemical changes in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

AIMS: Pioglitazone, known as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist, is used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM has been associated with reduced performance on numerous domains of cognitive function. Here, we investigated the effects of pioglitazone on memory impairment in a mouse model with defects in insulin sensitivity and secretion, namely high-fat diet (HFD) streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. METHODS: ICR mice were fed with HFD for 4 weeks and then injected with a single low dose of STZ followed by continued HFD feeding for an additional 4 weeks. Pioglitazone (18 mg/kg, 9 mg/kg body weight) was orally administered for 6 weeks once daily. Y-maze test and Morris water maze test (MWM) were employed for testing learning and memory. Serum glucose, serum insulin, serum triglyceride, brain β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), brain β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE1), brain nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and brain receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) were also tested. RESULTS: The STZ/HFD diabetic mice, characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia and hypoinsulinemia, performed poorly on Y-maze and MWM hence reflecting impairment of learning and memory behavior with increases of Aβ40/Aβ42, BACE1, NF-κB, and RAGE in brain. Treatment of PPARγ agonist, pioglitazone (18 or 9 mg/kg body weight), significantly reversed diabetes-induced impairment of learning and memory behavior, which is involved in decreases of Aβ40/Aβ42 via inhibition of NF-κB, BACE1 and RAGE in brain as well as attenuation of hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia, and hypoinsulinemia. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that PPARγ agonist pioglitazone may be considered as potential pharmacological agents for the management of cognitive dysfunction in T2DM.