Protocol for development, visualization, and quantification of mycobacterial biofilms on primary human airway epithelial cells.

Tuberculosis (TB) displays several characteristics commonly linked to biofilm-associated infections, including recurrence of infection and resistance to antibiotics. Studying biofilm formation by mycobacteria on relevant mucosal surfaces advances our understanding of its role in TB pathogenesis and drug tolerance. Here, we present a protocol to promote biofilm formation by mycobacteria on differentiated primary pseudostratified human bronchial epithelial cell cultures. We then detail procedures to visualize and quantify biofilm matrix and biomass using electron and confocal microscopy and crystal violet staining. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Barclay et al.(1).