Mitochondrial VDAC1 Silencing in Urethane-Induced Lung Cancer Inhibits Tumor Growth and Alters Cancer Oncogenic Properties.

Alterations in cellular metabolism are vital for cancer cell growth and motility. Here, we focused on metabolic reprogramming and changes in tumor hallmarks in lung cancer by silencing the expression of the mitochondrial gatekeeper VDAC1. To better mimic the clinical situation of lung cancer, we induced lung cancer in A/J mice using the carcinogen urethane and examined the effectiveness of si-m/hVDAC1-B encapsulated in PLGA-PEI nanoparticles. si-m/hVDAC1-B, given intravenously, induced metabolism reprogramming and inhibited tumor growth as monitored using MRI. Mice treated with non-targeted (NT) PLGA-PEI-si-NT showed many large size tumors in the lungs, while in PLGA-PEI-si-m/hVDAC-B-treated mice, lung tumor number and area were markedly decreased. Immunofluorescence staining showed decreased expression of VDAC1 and metabolism-related proteins and altered expression of cancer stem cell markers. Morphological analysis showed two types of tumors differing in their morphology; cell size and organization within the tumor. Based on specific markers, the two tumor types were identified as small cell (SCLC) and non-small cell (NSCLC) lung cancer. These two types of tumors were found only in control tumors, suggesting that PLGA-PEI-si-m/hVDAC1-B also targeted SCLC. Indeed, using a xenograft mouse model of human-derived SCLC H69 cells, si-m/hVDAC1-B inhibited tumor growth and reduced the expression of VDAC1 and energy- and metabolism-related enzymes, and of cancer stem cells in the established xenograft. Additionally, intravenous treatment of urethane-induced lung cancer mice with the VDAC1-based peptide, Retro-Tf-D-LP4, showed inhibition of tumor growth, and decreased expression levels of metabolism- and cancer stem cells-related proteins. Thus, silencing VDAC1 targeting both NSCLC and SCLC points to si-VDAC1 as a possible therapeutic tool to treat these lung cancer types. This is important as target NSCLC tumors undergo transformation to SCLC.