An anti-idiotypic single domain antibody as Cry2Aa toxin mimotope and analysis of its binding region through molecular docking.

BACKGROUND: Anti-idiotypic antibodies have garnered significant attention in biotechnology and immunology due to their unique ability to mimic specific epitopes on target antigens, thereby serving as functional analogues. This property makes them valuable tools for various applications. In this study, we aimed to isolate an anti-idiotypic single domain antibody against Cry2Aa from a naive phage-display library and investigate its structural and functional mimicry of the Cry2Aa toxin. RESULTS: An anti-idiotypic single domain antibody (sdAb) specific for the Cry2Aa toxin was successfully isolated from a naive phage-display library. Sequence analysis revealed a 57.1% identity between the epitopes on Cry2Aa mimicked by the sdAb and Cry2Aa. The sdAb could compete with Cry2Aa toxin for binding to anti-Cry2Aa F(ab')(2) fragments and potential Cry2Aa receptors, including aminopeptidase N5 (APN5), vacuolar-type proton ATPase subunit A (V-ATPase A), and toxin-binding region (CR9-CR11) of cadherin-like protein (Cad-TBR) from Plutella xylostella. Molecular docking simulations indicated that the complementarity determining regions 2 (CDR2) and CDR3 of the antibody played critical roles in binding to these receptors and alanine mutant binding studies also proved that CDR2 and CDR3 played critical roles in receptor binding. These results indicated that the Cry2Aa anti-idiotypic sdAb has the potential to characterize a similar pattern of molecular interactions as Cry2Aa toxin. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this study indicate that the isolated Cry2Aa anti-idiotypic sdAb mimics the molecular interaction pattern of the Cry2Aa toxin with its midgut receptors. The anti-idiotypic sdAb offers new potential for developing novel insect control strategies.