Distachionate and Its Nanocomposites Modulate Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Diabetes-Related Genes in High-Fructose/Streptozotocin Model.

Medicinal plants, known for their bioactive compounds, have long been utilized for the treatment of various diseases, including diabetes. A novel compound, distachionate (DST), was isolated as a yellowish powder from , referred to as snowbush. It is known to possess pronounced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities mediated through the modulation of COX-2 and inflammatory cytokines. Based on its diverse medicinal uses of the parent plant and the lack of data for its effectiveness in diabetes, this study has been aimed at evaluating the antidiabetic efficacy of DST and DST-loaded ZnO nanoparticles embedded in chitosan (DSTNC) using high fructose (HF) and streptozotocin (HF + STZ)-administered diabetic rats. DSTNC was prepared and characterized by using particle size, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy techniques. In vivo antidiabetic effects of DST and DSTNC were determined in Wistar rats (180-220 g). Diabetes was induced in rats by administration of HF for 6 weeks, and at the end of the fifth week, streptozotocin (STZ, 35 mg kg(-1) i.p.) was injected. DST, DSTNC, and standard metformin (200 mg kg(-1)) were administered orally for 6 weeks. Administration of DST (5, 10, and 15 mg kg(-1)) and DSTNC (5, 10, and 15 mg kg(-1)) markedly increased (p < 0.001) serum insulin and high-density lipoprotein levels, while a notable (p < 0.001) reduction in glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), low-density lipoprotein, and markers of liver and kidney function was observed when compared with the data of only HF + STZ-administered animals. Additionally, this treatment has also influenced inflammatory markers like interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and adipocytokines, including chemerin, adiponectin, and leptin. DST- and DSTNC-treated animals exhibited marked (p < 0.001) improvement in catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase levels (Units mg(-1)), while they caused a marked (p < 0.001) reduction in malondialdehyde levels (nmol g(-1)) in liver and pancreatic tissues. Histopathological examination showed restoration of tissue structures in the pancreas, liver, kidney, heart, and aortic specimens of the animals treated with DST and DSTNC compared with the data of only HF + STZ-fed diabetic animals. The mRNA expression studies revealed the upregulation of glucose transporter 4, pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX-1), and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and downregulation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (Jun N-terminal kinase) and a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17, highlighting their role in the improvement of glucose homeostasis, β cell dysfunction, insulin signaling pathway, inflammation, and insulin resistance. This study shows that DST and DST nanocomposites possess antidiabetic properties mediated likely via modulation of glycemic, oxidative stress, adipocytokines, and inflammatory markers. Thus, this study provides a rationale for the antidiabetic potential of DST and DST nanocomposites.