Pharmacological Vitamin C-induced high H2O2 generation mediates apoptotic cell death by caspase 3/7 activation in breast cancer tumor spheroids

药理学维生素 C 诱导的高 H2O2 生成通过激活乳腺癌肿瘤球体中的 caspase 3/7 介导细胞凋亡

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作者:Ali Mussa, Mahasin Hamid, Khalid Hajissa, Ahmad Hafiz Murtadha, Mohammad A I Al-Hatamleh, Noor Fatmawati Mokhtar, Vuk Uskoković, Magdalena Plebanski, Rohimah Mohamud, Rosline Hassan4

Background

Pharmacological vitamin C (Vit-C), or high-dose Vit-C has recently gained attention as a potential cancer therapeutic. However, the anticancer activity of Vit-C has not been investigated in realistic 3D models of human cancers, especially with respect to breast cancer (BC), and its potential benefits remain under debate. Herein, we investigate the activity and mechanism of action of pharmacological Vit-C on two BC tumor spheroids.

Conclusions

This study reveals that Vit-C induces oxidative stress-mediated cell death in both non-aggressive and aggressive BC spheroids. Unlike traditional in vitro studies, this work provides novel insights into the response of two BC tumor subtypes to Vit-C, demonstrating its potential as a targeted common therapy for BC.

Methods

We developed two distinct types of BC tumor spheroids from MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. The spheroids underwent treatment with a range of concentrations of pharmacological Vit-C (1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mM). Assessments were conducted to determine the cell viability, H2O2 levels, glutathione-to-glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) ratios, and apoptosis. Both flow cytometry analyses of Annexin V/PI staining and caspase3/7 activity assay were used to check apoptosis.

Results

We showed that Vit-C induced dose-dependent cell death in both types of tumor spheroids, primarily driven by elevated H2O2 production and a concomitant oxidative stress imbalance induced by the GSH depletion. The high levels of H2O2 generated by Vit-C triggered the apoptosis of spheroids. In MCF-7 spheroids, Vit-C-induced H2O2 production was higher, with a more pronounced decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio, indicating greater susceptibility to oxidative stress-induced cell death. However, MDA-MB-231 spheroids exhibited a more severe cytotoxic response.        Conclusions:        This study reveals that Vit-C induces oxidative stress-mediated cell death in both non-aggressive and aggressive BC spheroids. Unlike traditional in vitro studies, this work provides novel insights into the response of two BC tumor subtypes to Vit-C, demonstrating its potential as a targeted common therapy for BC.

文献解析

1. 文献背景信息

  标题/作者/期刊/年份  
  Pharmacological Vitamin C-induced high H₂O₂ generation mediates apoptotic cell death by caspase-3/7 activation in breast cancer tumor spheroids  
  Ali Mussa 等,Journal of Translational Medicine,2025 年 1 月上线。

 

  研究领域与背景  
  高剂量维 C(pharmacological Vit-C)作为潜在抗肿瘤策略近年来重新受到关注,但既往研究多停留在 2D 单层细胞,缺乏贴近真实肿瘤的三维(3D)模型数据,尤其在乳腺癌(BC)领域尚未系统评估。

 

  研究动机  
  填补“高剂量维 C 在 3D 乳腺癌模型中的疗效与机制”这一空白,回应学界对其疗效和安全性的争议,为临床转化提供更可靠的体外证据。

 

2. 研究问题与假设  

  核心问题  
  高剂量维 C 能否在乳腺癌 3D 球状体(spheroid)模型中诱导可重复、可解释的肿瘤杀伤?

 

  工作假设  
  Vit-C 通过 Fenton/Haber-Weiss 反应在细胞内产生大量 H₂O₂,耗竭谷胱甘肽(GSH),继而激活 caspase-3/7 介导的凋亡,从而杀伤乳腺癌球状体。

 

3. 研究方法学与技术路线 

 实验设计  
  体外剂量-效应研究:两种 BC 球状体(MDA-MB-231 三阴性、MCF-7 ER⁺) × 5 个 Vit-C 剂量(1–20 mM)× 72 h。  

 

  关键技术  
  – 3D 球状体培养(agarose-coated 96 孔板)  
  – 细胞活性(CellTiter-Glo 3D)  
  – H₂O₂ 定量(Amplex Red)  
  – GSH/GSSG 比色发光法  
  – Annexin V-FITC/PI 流式凋亡检测  
  – Caspase-Glo 3/7 3D 活性测定  
  – 验证实验:过氧化氢酶(CAT)干预,反向验证 H₂O₂ 的介导作用  

 

  方法学创新  
  首次把高剂量维 C 的氧化应激机制完整映射到乳腺癌 3D 球状体,并定量 H₂O₂-GSH-caspase 轴。  

 

4. 结果与数据解析  

  主要发现  
  – 细胞死亡呈显著剂量依赖性(Fig. 2B-C)。  
  – 20 mM Vit-C 下,MDA-MB-231 存活率降至 20%,MCF-7 降至 30%。  
  – H₂O₂ 峰值与细胞毒性同步升高;CAT(300 U/mL)共处理可挽救 60–70% 的细胞,证实 H₂O₂ 是核心介质(Fig. 3D-E)。  
  – GSH/GSSG 比值下降 4–6 倍,表明氧化还原失衡(Fig. 4)。  
  – Annexin V/PI 和 caspase-3/7 活性同步增加,提示凋亡通路主导(Fig. 5)。

 

  数据验证  
  独立重复 3 次,统计显著(P < 0.01–0.0001)。

 

  局限性  
  仅限两种细胞系;未评估肿瘤微环境(免疫细胞、基质)影响;剂量远高于静脉临床可达血药浓度,需体内验证。

 

5. 讨论与机制阐释  

  机制深度  
  Vit-C → 细胞外/内 H₂O₂↑ → GSH 耗竭 → 氧化应激 → caspase-3/7 激活 → 凋亡。

 

  与既往研究对比  
  传统 2D 研究亦报告 Vit-C 促氧化,但 3D 模型显示:  
  – 相同剂量下 3D 结构对 H₂O₂ 更敏感(GSH 缓冲能力下降);  
  – MCF-7(低侵袭)对氧化应激更敏感,而 MDA-MB-231(高侵袭)虽 H₂O₂ 水平略低,却呈现更高绝对死亡率,提示侵袭性细胞对氧化损伤的修复能力有限。  

 

  未解决问题  
  体内药代动力学、与标准化疗/免疫治疗的序贯方案、正常乳腺上皮毒性窗口。

 

6. 创新点与学术贡献  

  理论创新  
  在 3D 乳腺癌模型中系统阐述了“Vit-C-H₂O₂-GSH-caspase”通路,为“氧化还原疗法”提供范式。

 

  技术贡献  
  建立并验证了一套可推广的 3D 球状体氧化应激评价平台,可延伸至其他实体瘤或药物筛选。

 

  实际价值  
  支持开展静脉高剂量维 C 联合常规化疗的体内/临床转化研究,尤其对难治三阴性乳腺癌提供无毒性叠加的治疗策略依据。

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