Mechanistic and Molecular Insights into Empagliflozin's Role in Ferroptosis and Inflammation Trajectories in Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity.

Background: Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute liver injury (ALI) is increasingly becoming a public health issue with high rate of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, there is a critical demand for finding protective modalities by understanding the underlying proposed mechanisms including, but not limited to, ferroptosis and inflammation. Objectives: This study seeks to investigate the possible hepatoprotective effect of empagliflozin (EMPA) against APAP-induced ALI through modulation of ferroptosis and inflammatory cascades. Methods: Mice were allocated into the following five groups: vehicle control, APAP, EMPA 10, EMPA 20 (10 and 20 mg/kg/day, respectively, P.O.), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC, hepatoprotective agent against APAP-induced ALI). The hepatic injury was detected by determining liver enzymes and by histopathological examination. Inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and ferroptosis were also evaluated. Results: The APAP group showed an elevated level of hepatic enzymes with disrupted hepatic architecture. This toxicity was promoted by inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and ferroptosis, as indicated by elevated cytokines, lipid peroxidation, reduced antioxidants, increased caspase-3, decreased Bcl-2, and activation of the NF-κB/STAT3/hepcidin pathway. Pretreatment with EMPA remarkably reversed these features, which was reflected by restoration of the histoarchitecture of hepatic tissue, but the higher dose of EMPA was more efficient. Conclusions: APAP can induce ALI through initiation of inflammatory and oxidative conditions, which favor ferroptosis. EMPA hindered these unfavorable consequences; an outcome which indicates its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-ferroptotic effects. This modulatory action advocated EMPA as a potential hepatoprotective agent.