Mutations in PSEN1 predispose inflammation in an astrocyte model of familial Alzheimer's disease through disrupted regulated intramembrane proteolysis

BACKGROUND: Mutations in PSEN1 cause familial Alzheimer's disease with almost complete penetrance. Age at onset is highly variable between different PSEN1 mutations and even within families with the same mutation. Current research into late onset Alzheimer's disease implicates inflammation in both disease onset and progression. PSEN1 is the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase, responsible for regulated intramembrane proteolysis of numerous substrates that include cytokine receptors. For this reason, we tested the hypothesis that mutations in PSEN1 impact inflammatory responses in astrocytes, thereby contributing to disease progression. METHODS: We developed patient-derived models of iPSC-astrocytes, representing three lines harbouring PSEN1 mutations and six control lines (including two isogenic controls). Transcriptomic and biochemical assays were used to investigate differential inflammatory responses to TNFα, IL1α and C1Q. RESULTS: We show that PSEN1 is upregulated in response to inflammatory stimuli, and this upregulation is disrupted by pathological PSEN1 mutations. Using transcriptomic analyses, we demonstrate that PSEN1 mutant astrocytes have an augmented inflammatory profile in their basal state, concomitant with gene expression signatures revealing dysregulated intramembrane proteolysis and JAK-STAT signalling. Detailed investigation of the JAK-STAT2 signalling pathway showed reduced cell surface expression of IFNAR2, lower STAT2 phosphorylation cascades and delayed NFκB nuclear localisation in PSEN1 mutant astrocytes in response to inflammatory stimuli, thereby implicating the notion of altered cytokine signalling cascades. Finally, we use small molecule modulators of γ-secretase to confirm a role for PSEN1/γ-secretase in regulating the astrocytic response to inflammatory stimuli. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these data suggest that mutations in PSEN1 enhance cytokine signalling via impaired regulated intramembrane proteolysis, thereby predisposing astrocytic inflammatory profiles. These findings support a two-hit contribution of PSEN1 mutations to fAD pathogenesis, not only impacting APP and Aβ processing but also altering the cellular response to inflammation.