Projected spread models.

We present a disease transmission model that considers both explicit and non-explicit factors. This approach is crucial for accurate prediction and control of infectious disease spread. In this paper, we extend the spread model from our previous works (Ban et al. in Chaos Solitons Fractals 150:111106, 2021; Ban et al. in Chaos 33(6):063144, 2023; Ban et al. in J Math Biol 86(3):40, 2023; Ban et al. in Chaos 32(10):103113, 2023) to a projected spread model that considers both hidden and explicit types. Additionally, we provide the spread rate for the projected spread model corresponding to the topological and random models. Furthermore, examples and numerical results are provided to illustrate the theory.