Effect of air-frying on formation and correlations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, acrylamide, and heterocyclic aromatic amines in foods and risk assessment.

The levels of acrylamide (AA), four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH4), and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) in 184 air-fried agricultural, fishery, and animal products were measured using GC-MS and UPLC-MS/MS. Among the tested samples, sea algae exhibited the highest levels of PAH4 and eight specific HAAs (HAA8), while root and tuber crops had the greatest amount of AA. Agricultural and fisheries products had higher levels of all three contaminants, while livestock products had an inverse correlation between PAH4 and HAA8. The margin of exposure in the Korean population is considered "unlikely a concern" for all samples for PAH4 and HAA8, however, that for AA in cereal, vegetable, and root and tuber crops is deemed "may be a concern", with a value < 10,000 in all age groups. These findings suggest a need to evaluate dietary AA exposure in certain food categories and further research to minimize AA formation during air frying. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-024-01639-4.