Optimization of Green Extraction Techniques for Polyphenolics in Pinus brutia Bark Extract and Steam Gasification of the Remaining Fraction to Obtain Hydrogen-Rich Syngas and Activated Carbon.

Utilization of renewable resources has become imperative, and considerable efforts have been devoted to tackling diverse global sustainability challenges, which contribute to the circular economy. The focus of this work was to optimize the extraction of polyphenolic compounds in Pinus brutia bark using microwave-assisted (MAE) and ultrasonically assisted (UAE) extractions and evaluate the biological efficacies of the extracts. Additionally, the residue of the extracted pine bark was subjected to steam gasification to produce hydrogen-rich syngas and activated carbon. The optimum process parameters for MAE were determined as 70 °C, 10 min, and 900 W, and 987.32 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE), 23.7 mg quercetin/g extract, and 86.2% antioxidant activity were obtained. The optimum process parameters for UAE were determined as 70 °C, 20 min, and 50% power, and 811.84 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE), 30.1 mg quercetin/g extract, and 90.8% antioxidant efficiency were obtained. The extracts obtained under optimized conditions were assessed for the bioactive phenolic compounds taxifolin, (-)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, and (-)-epicatechin gallate by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Especially in MAE (ethanol), taxifolin content was notable (34.0 mg/g extract), followed by UAE (ethanol) (23.5 mg/g extract). Compared to MAE (ethanol) and UAE (ethanol) with regards to catechin content, 1.05 mg/g extract and 0.81 mg/g extract were obtained, respectively. Catalytic and noncatalytic steam gasification of pine bark residue yielded 57.3 and 60.8 mol % H(2), respectively. In addition, excellent tar reduction was achieved through utilizing a 10% boron-modified CaO alkali catalyst, and the obtained activated carbon exhibited 1358.32 m(2)/g Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area and 1.05 cm(3)/g total pore volume, which has potential use as an adsorbent for removing heavy metals and electrode material for supercapacitor application.