Creating an extracellular matrix-like three-dimension structure to enhance the corrosion resistance and biological responses of titanium implants.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Titanium (Ti) is extensively used in dental and orthopedic implants due to its excellent mechanical properties. However, its smooth and biologically inert surface does not support the ingrowth of new bone, and Ti ions may have adverse biological effects. The purpose is to improve the corrosion resistance of titanium and create a 3D structured coating to enhance osseointegration through a very simple and fast surface treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study investigated the use of sandblasting, acid etching, and NaOH leaching to produce porous Ti implants with enhanced biological activity and corrosion resistance. RESULTS: These surface modifications generated a mixed oxide layer resembling the extracellular matrix (ECM), consisting of a dense amorphous TiO2 inner layer (50-100 nm thick) and a TiO2 outer layer with interconnected pores (pore size 50-500 nm; 150-200 nm thick). The inner layer significantly improved corrosion resistance, while the hydrophilic outer layer, with its porous structure, facilitated protein albumin adsorption and promoted the attachment, proliferation, and mineralization of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. CONCLUSION: The combined surface treatment approach of sandblasting, acid etching, and NaOH leaching offers a comprehensive solution to the challenges associated with titanium implants' biological inertness and corrosion susceptibility. By enhancing both the biological activity and corrosion resistance of Ti surfaces, this protocol holds significant promise for improving dental and orthopedic implants' success rates and longevity. Future studies should focus on in vivo assessments and long-term clinical trials to further validate these findings and explore the potential for widespread clinical adoption.