Multi-Scale Spatial Attention-Based Multi-Channel 2D Convolutional Network for Soil Property Prediction.

Visible near-infrared spectroscopy (VNIR) is extensively researched for obtaining soil property information due to its rapid, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly advantages. Despite its widespread application and significant achievements in soil property analysis, current soil prediction models continue to suffer from low accuracy. To address this issue, we propose a convolutional neural network model that can achieve high-precision soil property prediction by creating 2D multi-channel inputs and applying a multi-scale spatial attention mechanism. Initially, we explored two-dimensional multi-channel inputs for seven soil properties in the public LUCAS spectral dataset using the Gramian Angular Field (GAF) method and various preprocessing techniques. Subsequently, we developed a convolutional neural network model with a multi-scale spatial attention mechanism to improve the network's extraction of relevant spatial contextual information. Our proposed model showed superior performance in a statistical comparison with current state-of-the-art techniques. The RMSE (R²) values for various soil properties were as follows: organic carbon content (OC) of 19.083 (0.955), calcium carbonate content (CaCO(3)) of 24.901 (0.961), nitrogen content (N) of 0.969 (0.933), cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 6.52 (0.803), pH in H(2)O of 0.366 (0.927), clay content of 4.845 (0.86), and sand content of 12.069 (0.789). Our proposed model can effectively extract features from visible near-infrared spectroscopy data, contributing to the precise detection of soil properties.