On the rules of continuity and symmetry for the data quality of street networks.

Knowledge or rule-based approaches are needed for quality assessment and assurance in professional or crowdsourced geographic data. Nevertheless, many types of geographic knowledge are statistical in nature and are therefore difficult to derive rules that are meaningful for this purpose. The rules of continuity and symmetry considered in this paper can be thought of as two concrete forms of the first law of geography, which may be used to formulate quality measures at the individual level without referring to ground truth. It is not clear, however, how much the rules can be faithful. Hence, the main objective is to test if the rules are consistent with street network data over the world. Specifically, for the rule of continuity we identify natural streets that connect smoothly in a network, and measure the spatial order of information (e.g. names, highway level, speed, etc.) along the streets. The measure is based on spatial auto-correlation indicators adapted for one dimension. For the rule of symmetry, we device an algorithm that recognize parallel road pairs (e.g. dual carriageways), and examine to what extent attributes in the pairs are identical. The two rules are tested against 28 cities selected from OpenStreetMap data worldwide; two professional data sets are used to show more insights. We found that the rules are consistent with street networks from a wide range of cities of different characteristics, and also noted cases with varying degrees of agreement. As a side-effect, we discussed possible limitations of the autocorrelation indicators used, where cautions are needed when interpreting the results. In addition, we present techniques that performed the tests automatically, which can be applied to new data to further verify (or falsify) our findings, or extended as quality assurance tools to detect data items that do not satisfy the rules and to suggest possible corrections according to the rules.