Deep Learning Ensemble Approach for Predicting Expected and Confidence Levels of Signal Phase and Timing Information at Actuated Traffic Signals.

Predicting Signal Phase and Timing (SPaT) information and confidence levels is needed to enhance Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory (GLOSA) and/or Eco-Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (Eco-CACC) systems. This study proposes an architecture based on transformer encoders to improve prediction performance. This architecture is combined with different deep learning methods, including Multilayer Perceptrons (MLP), Long-Short-Term Memory neural networks (LSTM), and Convolutional Long-Short-Term Memory neural networks (CNNLSTM) to form an ensemble of predictors. The ensemble is used to make data-driven predictions of SPaT information obtained from traffic signal controllers for six different intersections along the Gallows Road corridor in Virginia. The study outlines three primary tasks. Task one is predicting whether a phase would change within 20 s. Task two is predicting the exact change time within 20 s. Task three is assigning a confidence level to that prediction. The experiments show that the proposed transformer-based architecture outperforms all the previously used deep learning methods for the first two prediction tasks. Specifically, for the first task, the transformer encoder model provides an average accuracy of 96%. For task two, the transformer encoder models provided an average mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.49 s, compared to 1.63 s for other models. Consensus between models is shown to be a good leading indicator of confidence in ensemble predictions. The ensemble predictions with the highest level of consensus are within one second of the true value for 90.2% of the time as opposed to those with the lowest confidence level, which are within one second for only 68.4% of the time.