Permeability Sensors for Magnetic Steel Structural Health Monitoring.

In this paper, magnetic permeability sensors able to perform structural health monitoring of magnetic steels, by means of determining residual strain and stress amplitude and gradient distribution, responsible for crack initiation, are presented. The good agreement between magnetic properties and residual strains and stresses is illustrated first, resulting in the determination of the magnetic stress calibration (MASC) curves and the Universal MASC curve. Having determined differential magnetic permeability as a key magnetic property, able to measure and monitor residual strain and stress distribution in magnetic steels, the paper is devoted to the presentation of the permeability instruments and sensors developed in our lab. The classic single sheet testers and the electromagnetic yokes, are compared with new, low-power-consumption permeability sensors using the Hall effect and the anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) effect, discussing their advantages and disadvantages in magnetic steel structural health monitoring.