Differential role of MyD88 and TRIF signaling in myeloid cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. While the role of adaptive immunity has been extensively studied, the role of innate immune responses and particularly of Toll- like Receptor (TLR) signaling in T1D remains poorly understood. Here we show that myeloid cell-specific MyD88 deficiency considerably protected mice from the development of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. The protective effect of MyD88 deficiency correlated with increased expression of the immunoregulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in pancreatic lymph nodes from STZ-treated mice and in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) stimulated with apoptotic cells. Mice with myeloid cell specific TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) knockout showed a trend towards accelerated onset of STZ-induced diabetes, while TRIF deficiency resulted in reduced IDO expression in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, myeloid cell specific MyD88 deficiency delayed the onset of diabetes in Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mice, whereas TRIF deficiency had no effect. Taken together, these results identify MyD88 signaling in myeloid cells as a critical pathogenic factor in autoimmune diabetes, which is antagonized by TRIF-dependent responses. This differential function of MyD88 and TRIF depends at least in part on their opposite effects in regulating IDO expression in phagocytes exposed to apoptotic cells.