Synthesis of Peptides and Proteins with Site-Specific Glutamate Arginylation.

Solid-phase peptide synthesis and protein semi-synthesis are powerful methods for site-specific modification of peptides and proteins. We describe protocols using these techniques for the syntheses of peptides and proteins bearing glutamate arginylation (E(Arg)) at specific sites. These methods overcome challenges posed by enzymatic arginylation methods and allow for a comprehensive study of the effects of E(Arg) on protein folding and interactions. Potential applications include biophysical analyses, cell-based microscopic studies, and profiling of E(Arg) levels and interactomes in human tissue samples.