Abstract
Sirolimus, also known as rapamycin, and its closely related rapamycin analog (rapalog) Everolimus inhibit "mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1" (mTORC1), whose activity is required for spermatogenesis. Everolimus is Food and Drug Administration approved for treating human patients to slow growth of aggressive cancers and preventing organ transplant rejection. Here, we test the hypothesis that rapalog inhibition of mTORC1 activity has a negative, but reversible, impact upon spermatogenesis. Juvenile (P20) or adult (P>60) mice received daily injections of sirolimus or Everolimus for 30 days, and tissues were examined at completion of treatment or following a recovery period. Rapalog treatments reduced body and testis weights, testis weight/body weight ratios, cauda epididymal sperm counts, and seminal vesicle weights in animals of both ages. Following rapalog treatment, numbers of differentiating spermatogonia were reduced, with concomitant increases in the ratio of undifferentiated spermatogonia to total number of remaining germ cells. To determine if even low doses of Everolimus can inhibit spermatogenesis, an additional group of adult mice received a dose of Everolimus ∼6-fold lower than a human clinical dose used to treat cancer. In these animals, only testis weights, testis weight/body weight ratios, and tubule diameters were reduced. Return to control values following a recovery period was variable for each of the measured parameters and was duration and dose dependent. Together, these data indicate rapalogs exerted a dose-dependent restriction on overall growth of juvenile and adult mice and negative impact upon spermatogenesis that were largely reversed; following treatment cessation, males from all treatment groups were able to sire offspring.