Abstract
Introduction:
Due to the high load of pathogens in sewage, seeking for effective treatments became a priority. In this regard, testing the sensitivity of microorganisms isolated from sewage against essential oils (EOs) is suggested. In Lebanon, little evidence supports bacteria isolated from sewage reveals a sensitivity to EOs. Due to this fact, the present investigation aims at determining the sensitivity of microbes isolated from sewage sludge to three EOs: lettuce, coconut, and almond.
Methods:
Bacterial isolates were identified by VITEK screening. Yeast was identified by germ tube assay. The chemical components of the oils were identified by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Susceptibility of the microbial isolates was assessed by the agar well diffusion assay. Bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of EOs were detected by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) broth microdilution assay. The activity of EOs on biofilms was detected by antibiofilm screening.
Results:
The identified microorganisms include Gram-negative isolates (Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter braakii, Leclercia adecarboxylata, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia), Gram-positive isolates (Enterococcus faecium, Streptococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus capitis, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus), and Candida albicans. Thirty oils' chemical components were identified. Among the antibiotics, doxycycline exhibited the best inhibitory effect. The three EOs were effective against bacterial isolates and yeast at concentrations ranging between 3.125% and 50%. They exhibited a bacteriostatic activity. Lettuce and coconut oils were effective against biofilm formation and the three oils were effective on pre-formed biofilms.
Conclusions:
The results reflected the significant antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of the oils, thus suggesting their potential antimicrobial applications.
Keywords:
Sewage; essential oils; microorganisms; treatment.