Abstract
Farms are a major source of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), and previous research mainly focuses on polluted soils and breeding environments. However, slaughtering is an important link in the transmission of ARGs and ARB from farmland to dining table. In this study, we aim to reveal the pollution of ARGs and ARB in the slaughter process of broilers. First, by qualitative and quantitative analysis of ARGs in samples collected from the broiler slaughtering and processing production chain, the contamination level of ARGs was reflected; secondly, potential hosts for ARGs and microbial community were analyzed to reflect the possible transmission rules; thirdly, through the antibiotic susceptibility spectrum analysis of four typical food-borne pathogens, the distribution of ARB was revealed. The results showed that 24 types of ARGs were detected positive on the broiler slaughter production line, and tetracycline-resistance genes (20.45%) were the most frequently detected. The types of ARGs vary with sampling process, and all sampling links contain high levels of sul2 and intI1. The most abundant ARGs were detected in chicken surface in the scalding stage and entrails surface in the evisceration stage. There was a significant correlation between intI1 and tetM, suggesting that tetM might be able to enter the human food chain through class-1 integrons. The host range of the oqxB gene is the most extensive, including Sphingobacterium, Bacteroidia unclassified, Rothia, Microbacterium, Algoriella, etc. In the relevant links of the slaughter production line, the microbial community structure is similar. Removing viscera may cause diffusion of ARGs carried by intestinal microorganisms and contaminate chicken and following processing production. The four food-borne pathogens we tested are widely present in all aspects of the slaughter process, and most of them have multi-drug resistance and even have a high degree of resistance to some veterinary drugs banned by the Ministry of Agriculture. Our study preliminarily revealed the pollution of ARGs and ARB in the slaughter process of broilers, and these results are helpful to carry out food safety risk assessment and formulate corresponding control measures.