Granzyme B PET Imaging Enables Early Assessment of Immunotherapy Response in a Humanized Melanoma Mouse Model.

Background/Objectives: This study evaluated a novel PET tracer, (68)Ga-NOTA-CYT-200, which targets human granzyme B (GZB) as a biomarker for cytotoxic T-cell activation in a clinically relevant model of melanoma-bearing mice with a humanized immune system treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. Methods: The binding affinity of the tracer was determined using an enzymatic colorimetric assay. Tumor-bearing humanized NSG mice underwent PET imaging before and during ICI monotherapy or combination therapy to assess (68)Ga-NOTA-CYT-200 uptake within tumors and other organs. The tumor growth was carefully monitored. The treatment response was evaluated based on the percentage change in tumor size at days 5 and 15 after the treatment started. A tracer biodistribution study and immunohistochemical staining of the tumors and organs were also performed. Results: The inhibition constant (Ki) of (68)Ga-NOTA-CYT-200 was estimated at 4.2 nM. PET imaging showed a significantly higher (68)Ga-NOTA-CYT-200 uptake in mice receiving the combination therapy compared to those receiving monotherapy or a vehicle (p < 0.0001 or p = 0.0005, respectively), which correlated with the greatest reduction in tumor size in the combination ICI group. Regardless of treatment, the responders presented with a significantly higher (68)Ga-NOTA-CYT-200 uptake at days 4 or 7 after the treatment began (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.0109, respectively). An increased uptake of (68)Ga-NOTA-CYT-200, especially in the intestines and liver within the combination ICI group, suggested immune-related adverse events (IrAEs). Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that (68)Ga-NOTA-CYT-200 PET imaging can predict the early treatment response in melanoma models treated with ICI and may also help in detecting IrAEs.