Abstract
Despite progress in fighting infectious diseases, human pathogenesis and death caused by infectious diseases remain relatively high worldwide exceeding that of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Human adenovirus (HAdV) infects cells of the upper respiratory tract causing flu-like symptoms that are accompanied by pain and inflammation. Diagnosis of HAdV is commonly achieved by conventional methods such as viral cultures, immunoassays, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. However, there are a variety of problems with conventional methods including slow isolation and propagation, inhibition by neutralizing antibodies, low sensitivity of immunoassays, and the diversity of HAdV strains for the PCR technique. Herein, we report the development and evaluation of a novel, simple, and reliable nanobased immunosensing technique for the rapid detection of human adenoviruses (HAdVs) that cause eye infections. This rapid and low-cost assay can be used for screening and quantitative tests with a detection limit of 10(2) pfu/mL in less than 2 min. The sensing platform is based on a sandwich assay that can detect HAdVs visually by a color change. Sensor specificity was demonstrated using other common viral antigens, including Flu A, Flu B, coronavirus (COV), and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS COV). This cotton-based testing device potentially exhibits many of the desired characteristics of a suitable point-of-care and portable test, which can be carried out by nurses or clinicians especially for low-resource settings.