Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The US Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends increased consumption of the dairy group to three daily servings for ages 9+ years to help achieve adequate intakes of prominent shortfall nutrients. Identifying affordable, consumer-acceptable foods to replace dairy's shortfall nutrients is important especially for people who avoid dairy. DESIGN: Linear programming identified food combinations to replace dairy's protein and shortfall nutrients. We examined cost, energy and dietary implications of replacing dairy with food combinations optimised for lowest cost, fewest kJ or the smallest amount of food by weight. SETTING: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011-2014). PARTICIPANTS: Nationally representative sample of US population; 2 years and older (n 15 830). RESULTS: Phase 1 (only dairy foods excluded): when optimised for lowest cost or fewest kJ, all non-dairy food replacements required large amounts (2·5-10 cups) of bottled/tap water. Phase 2 (dairy and unreasonable non-dairy foods excluded (e.g. baby foods; tap/bottled water): when intake of non-dairy foods was constrained to <90th percentile of current intake, the lowest cost food combination replacements for dairy cost 0·5 times more and provide 5·7 times more energy; the lowest energy food combinations cost 5·9 times more, provide 2·5 times more energy and require twice the amount of food by weight; and food combinations providing the smallest amount of food by weight cost 3·5 times more and provide five times more energy than dairy. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying affordable, consumer-acceptable foods that can replace dairy's shortfall nutrients at both current and recommended dairy intakes remains a challenge.