Abstract
After a brief review of the concept of fertility in antiquity-from mythological, historical, religious, and artistic perspectives-this conceptual review examines the evolution of the notion of fertility in fruit growing, considering both its biological and agronomic dimensions. The discussion addresses the phenomena underlying the production process and the quantitative and qualitative yields of fruit trees, including the interactions between vegetative growth and reproductive aspects, as well as various interferences-such as alternate bearing or sterility-that mediate between potential and actual fertility. These aspects are analyzed in light of both well-established studies and the most recent research findings. Furthermore, a holistic and comprehensive approach is presented, aiming to transcend the limitations of a purely biological interpretation and to clarify certain ambiguities in the use of the term "fertility," with particular focus on the physiology of flowering and fruiting in a paradigmatic Mediterranean fruit tree species (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. europaea). Finally, the potential contributions of recent advances in the understanding of flowering and fruiting biology are discussed, particularly in relation to genetic improvement and the development of simulation models for the bio-agronomic behavior of fruit trees. Future perspectives are also explored, especially regarding bio-agronomic strategies to address alternate bearing.