Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder for which effective treatments remain elusive. This review aims to explore the roles, mechanisms, and therapeutic potential of three principal ginseng components, including ginseng polysaccharides (GPS), ginseng proteins (GP), and ginseng glycoproteins (GGP), in the prevention and management of AD. We systematically reviewed recent literature related to these components in AD research. By analyzing evidence from cellular experiments, animal models, and preliminary clinical studies, we evaluated their effects on core pathological processes. These ginseng-derived compounds exert neuroprotective effects via multiple pathways. Specifically, they inhibit the aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and reduce the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. Furthermore, they demonstrate significant anti-neuroinflammatory and antioxidant activities, which protect neurons from damage and enhance cognitive functions, including memory and learning. The efficacy of these components has been consistently demonstrated across various AD experimental models. In conclusion, GPS, GP, and GGP exhibit promise as multitarget therapeutic agents against AD, underscoring a potential pathway for developing novel natural product-based treatments. Although current preclinical results are promising, further rigorous clinical trials are necessary to validate their efficacy and safety in humans. Therapeutic strategies targeting these components may therefore offer new hope for AD patients.