Abstract
BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder frequently complicated by comorbidities that contribute to functional impairment, poor treatment adherence, and elevated mortality. Among the most prevalent and burdensome are affective symptoms, sexual dysfunction, metabolic disturbances, and substance use disorders, which remain underrecognized and insufficiently addressed in routine care. OBJECTIVES: This expert consensus aimed to develop comorbidity-informed pharmacological strategies for schizophrenia, grounded in real-world challenges and individualized treatment needs. METHODS: A multidisciplinary panel of 10 European psychiatrists convened for an in-person meeting. Four expert-led presentations, each addressing a key comorbidity, were followed by open discussion. A modified two-round Delphi process was subsequently used to validate the consensus statements, which were thematically synthesized into actionable recommendations. RESULTS: Consensus-based recommendations were developed across four comorbidity domains, integrating current evidence with real-world clinical expertise. The panel emphasized the importance of individualized, patient-centered pharmacological strategies that balance efficacy, tolerability, and long-term functional outcomes. Partial dopamine agonists and other metabolically or hormonally favorable agents were identified as clinically useful across several comorbid profiles. Recommendations also addressed the optimization of antipsychotic selection, management of treatment-emergent side effects, and coordinated care for patients with dual diagnosis (also referred to as co-occurring disorders). Measurement-based monitoring and integrated service models were consistently highlighted as essential for improving outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Effective management of schizophrenia requires a shift toward comorbidity-informed, recovery-oriented pharmacological care. These expert recommendations provide practical strategies to support individualized treatment planning in real-world clinical settings.