Abstract
BACKGROUND: Gender disparities persist in health research, care and outcomes. The aim of this study was to identify and explore the health conditions and social issues that affect women and girls in Australia which are not well-understood, discussed or funded. METHODS: A national exploratory mixed-methods study using a triangulation approach which included three phases: (1) survey of women and girls; (2) interviews with female subject matter experts including women's health and social care practitioners, organisational leaders, academics and policy makers; and (3) a desktop review of peer-reviewed research literature, grant funding and media content. The study was conducted between February - March 2025. The outcomes included participants' perceptions of health conditions and social issues which are overlooked or need further support and awareness. The proportion and type of conditions and issues researched, funded and in the public discourse was also assessed. RESULTS: 2,203 eligible surveys were submitted; 23 experts participated in an interview. Although all conditions and issues were identified as important, several were perceived to be 'silent' and requiring a better response including those which only affect women and girls (e.g. endometriosis, peri/menopause, abortion) and affect them disproportionately (e.g. body image, eating disorders; mental health conditions; fibromyalgia) or differently (e.g. violence, cardiovascular disease) to men and boys. In contrast, the desktop review revealed most contemporary research literature, grant funding and media discourse has focused on women's reproductive health in contrast to other health conditions and social issues that disproportionately and differently affect women. CONCLUSIONS: Many health conditions and social issues affecting women and girls lack understanding, recognition and support. This 'silence' has resulted in discrepancies and adverse consequences for women's and girls' equitable access to health care, outcomes, and research participation.