Abstract
This article examines the complicated terrain of immunization acceptance and access among Indigenous peoples in northern Ontario by drawing on conversations held prior to 2019 that explored knowledge about Haemophilus influenzae type a (Hia) infection specifically and attitudes toward vaccines more broadly. In the decade preceding COVID-19, Hia emerged as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Indigenous communities in northern Canada. Before developing new vaccines, it is imperative to hold conversations with the communities most affected and to learn more about Indigenous peoples' perceptions of and knowledge about vaccines, both generally and Hia specifically. We conducted focus groups and one-on-one conversations with Anishinaabe Peoples in northwestern Ontario. Our findings illustrate that decisions to vaccinate are informed by a host of social, institutional, and ideological factors and historical and contemporary relationships with government institutions and health practitioners. In particular, Indigenous community members perceived their relationships with social and health services and education institutions as coercive. Thus, public health approaches cannot continue to operate in ways that prioritize interventions for Indigenous peoples and communities so that they "do the right thing." More emphasis is needed on health service and social service provider knowledge, skills, attitudes and practices-redirecting the onus onto those within the health care system. Solutions must respect Indigenous nationhood and the right of self-determination. Finally, we suggest the term vaccine hesitancy may not entirely capture the breadth of experiences that many Indigenous Peoples and communities have and continue to have within the health care system in Canada.