Abstract
Hematological abnormalities are common in individuals living with HIV, and these complications vary significantly across global populations due to diverse genetic, environmental, and socio-economic factors. This review explores the divergent immunohematological trends observed in HIV-infected populations in Africa and Russia, focusing on key hematological markers such as anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia. While both regions experience high burdens of HIV, their populations present with distinct hematological manifestations influenced by co-infections, lifestyle factors, and local healthcare systems. In Africa, HIV-associated hematological abnormalities are often compounded by endemic co-infections such as malaria and tuberculosis, which exacerbate anemia and thrombocytopenia. Additionally, poor nutritional status in many sub-Saharan African countries contributes to the severity of these complications. Conversely, in Russia, hematological complications in HIV-positive individuals are frequently linked to alcohol use and liver disease, with these factors playing a significant role in the pathogenesis of anemia and thrombocytopenia. The combination of HIV, alcohol-related comorbidities, and intravenous drug use complicates the immunohematological landscape in this region, requiring a more multifaceted approach to treatment.