Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is the prototypic orthopoxvirus and was the live vaccine used to eradicate smallpox. In addition, VACV is a possible vector for recombinant vaccines. Despite these reasons for study, the roles of many VACV genes are unknown, and some fundamental aspects, such as the total size of immune responses, remain poorly characterized. VACV gene A47L is of interest because it is highly transcribed, has no sequence similarity to any nonpoxvirus gene, and contains a larger-than-expected number of CD8(+) T cell epitopes. Here it is shown that A47L is not required for growth in vitro and does not contribute to virulence in mice. However, we confirmed that this one protein primes CD8(+) T cells to three different epitopes in C57BL/6 mice. In the process, one of these epitopes was redefined and shown to be the most dominant in A47 and one of the more highly ranked in VACV as a whole. The relatively high immunogenicity of this epitope led to a reevaluation of the total CD8(+) T cell response to VACV. By the use of two methods, the true size of the response was found to be around double previous estimates and at its peak is on the order of 60% of all CD8(+) T cells. We speculate that more CD8(+) T cell epitopes remain to be mapped for VACV and that underestimation of responses is unlikely to be unique to VACV, so there would be merit in revisiting this issue for other viruses.