Abstract
INTRODUCTION: In overdose, a larger proportion of paracetamol (acetaminophen) is converted in the liver to the toxic metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI). Glutathione (GSH) is the endogenous antioxidant that protects cells from NAPQI-induced injury. In overdose, GSH stores may become depleted, leaving NAPQI free to produce liver damage. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) helps prevent paracetamol toxicity by replenishing liver GSH. This protective effect of NAC produces specific metabolites in the circulation. Currently, regardless of the paracetamol dose ingested, patients in the UK receive a dose of NAC based only on their weight. Basic pharmacology, mathematical modelling and observational studies suggest that this dose may be insufficient in some patients (particularly those taking a large overdose). METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A multicentre trial, taking place across several hospitals in Scotland, UK, within Emergency Departments and Acute Medical Units. Recruitment commenced on 19 February 2024 and is anticipated to run for approximately 2 years. This is a three-group dose-finding trial, in which participants are assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to either Standard NAC (300 mg/kg) or higher doses of 450 mg/kg (Group 1) and 600 mg/kg (Group 2). The primary outcome is the proportion of paracetamol metabolites in the circulation that are directly produced by GSH/NAC detoxification of NAPQI. A higher proportion of these metabolites will indicate that the additional NAC is reducing the amount of toxic paracetamol metabolites in the body. The study will first test the primary outcome on the HiSNAP Group 2 against Standard NAC; only if that is significant will HiSNAP Group 1 be tested against Standard NAC. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The HiSNAP trial has been approved by the East Midlands (Derby) Research Ethics Committee (reference 23/EM/0129), NHS Lothian Research and Development Department, and the MHRA. Results will be disseminated by peer-reviewed publication, conferences and linked on isrctn.com. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN17516192.