Abstract
Both T(H)1 and T(H)2 cytokines influence the antitumor functions of macrophages. We have recently shown that interferon γ (IFNγ) licenses the antineoplastic functions of CD40 ligand (CD40L)-stimulated macrophages more efficiently than interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13. The presence of a T(H)1 and T(H)2 skewed tumor microenvironment may therefore influence therapeutic responses to CD40 agonists, agents that are showing promise in preliminary clinical trials.