Abstract
BACKGROUND: Soil organic matter composition and microbial communities are key factors affecting ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) during ecosystem restoration. However, there is little information on their interacting mechanisms in degraded and restored meadows. To fill this knowledge gap, plant, root and soil samples from alpine swamp meadows, alpine Kobresia meadows, severely degraded alpine meadows, short-term restored meadows (< 5 years) and long-term restored meadows (6-14 years) were collected. We leveraged high-throughput sequencing, liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to characterize soil microbial communities and soil organic matter composition, measured microbial carbon metabolism and determined EMF. RESULTS: It emerged that the similarity of soil microorganisms in meadows decreased with increasing heterogeneity of soil properties. Dispersal limitation and ecological drift led to the homogenization of the bacterial community. Based on co-occurrence network analysis, an increase in microbial network complexity promoted EMF. Root total phosphorus and soil organic matter components were the key predictors of EMF, while organic acids and phenolic acids increased the stability of the microbial network in long-term restored meadows. Carbon metabolism did not increase in restored meadows, but the niche breadth of soil microorganisms and the utilization efficiency of small molecular carbon sources such as amino acids did increase. CONCLUSIONS: These findings emphasize the importance of soil organic matter composition in ecological restoration and that the composition should be considered in management strategies aimed at enhancing EMF.