Abstract
BACKGROUND: Tobacco production faces ongoing challenges due to soil degradation, leading to a persistent decline in yield. Plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) have been recognized as an environmentally friendly agricultural strategy. However, many commercial PGPF products exhibit instability due to insufficient environmental compatibility. RESULTS: In this study, Penicillium sp. PQxj3 was isolated and assessed for its potential to enhance tobacco productivity under field conditions. The results demonstrated that Penicillium sp. PQxj3 treatment significantly promoted the tobacco growth and improved the crop yield. The height of tobacco in Penicillium sp. PQxj3 treatment group significantly increased by 50.19% and 24.05% compared with CK at exuberant and maturity period (P < 0.05). The average yield of tobacco significantly increased by 36.16% compared to CK (P < 0.05). Fungal microbiome analysis revealed that phylogenetically similar probiotic taxa were recruited by Penicillium sp. PQxj3 and reassembled tobacco rhizosphere fungal microbiome. The key chemical indicators of tobacco such as alkaloid, total sugar, and phosphorus were significantly enhanced in Penicillium sp. PQxj3 treatment. The recruited probiotic taxa (Penicillium brasilianum, Penicillium simplicissimum, Penicillium macrosclerotiorum and Penicillium senticosum) were significantly associated with alkaloid, total sugar etc. (P < 0.05), which were identified as the key drivers for improving the chemical components of tobacco. Transcriptome analysis indicated that Penicillium sp. PQxj3 promoted up-regulation of key functional genes involved in alkaloid, indoleacetic, and gibberellin biosynthesis pathways. CONCLUSION: In summary, this study assessed the biopromotion mechanism of PGPF Penicillium sp. PQxj3 linking chemical traits, rhizosphere fungal microbiome, and transcriptome profiling. The findings provide a fundamental basis and a sustainable solution for developing fungal fertilizers to enhance agricultural sustainability.