Abstract
Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome is a multifaceted, systemic disorder characterized by the interplay of cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and obesity. This review synthesizes current and emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at addressing the shared pathophysiologic mechanisms driving CKM progression, such as insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurohormonal activation. Established pharmacotherapies that include sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), and nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists like finerenone have demonstrated robust efficacy in reducing cardiovascular events, slowing renal decline, and improving metabolic outcomes. Additionally, novel agents targeting lipoprotein(a), interleukin-6, and hepatic fat accumulation are expanding the therapeutic landscape. RNA-based therapies, including antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), are designed to modulate lipoprotein(a) and PCSK9 expression. Artificial intelligence (AI) is also emerging as a transformative tool for personalized CKM management, enhancing risk prediction and clinical decision-making. The review highlights the relevance of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) as a CKM modifier and discusses the approval of resmetirom, a selective thyroid hormone receptor β agonist, for noncirrhotic MASH. By integrating evidence from clinical trials, mechanistic studies, and emerging technologies, this review provides a comprehensive resource for clinicians and researchers navigating the evolving field of CKM syndrome.