Abstract
Biological nitrogen fixation is accomplished by a diverse group of organisms known as diazotrophs and requires the function of the complex metalloenzyme nitrogenase. Nitrogenase and many of the accessory proteins required for proper cofactor biosynthesis and incorporation into the enzyme have been characterized, but a complete picture of the reaction mechanism and key cellular changes that accompany biological nitrogen fixation remain to be fully elucidated. Studies have revealed that specific disruptions of the antiactivator-encoding gene nifL result in the deregulation of the nif transcriptional activator NifA in the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii, triggering the production of extracellular ammonium levels approaching 30 mM during the stationary phase of growth. In this work, we have characterized the global patterns of gene expression of this high-ammonium-releasing phenotype. The findings reported here indicated that cultures of this high-ammonium-accumulating strain may experience metal limitation when grown using standard Burk's medium, which could be amended by increasing the molybdenum levels to further increase the ammonium yield. In addition, elevated levels of nitrogenase gene transcription are not accompanied by a corresponding dramatic increase in hydrogenase gene transcription levels or hydrogen uptake rates. Of the three potential electron donor systems for nitrogenase, only the rnf1 gene cluster showed a transcriptional correlation to the increased yield of ammonium. Our results also highlight several additional genes that may play a role in supporting elevated ammonium production in this aerobic nitrogen-fixing model bacterium.IMPORTANCE The transcriptional differences found during stationary-phase ammonium accumulation show a strong contrast between the deregulated (nifL-disrupted) and wild-type strains and what was previously reported for the wild-type strain under exponential-phase growth conditions. These results demonstrate that further improvement of the ammonium yield in this nitrogenase-deregulated strain can be obtained by increasing the amount of available molybdenum in the medium. These results also indicate a potential preference for one of two ATP synthases present in A. vinelandii as well as a prominent role for the membrane-bound hydrogenase over the soluble hydrogenase in hydrogen gas recycling. These results should inform future studies aimed at elucidating the important features of this phenotype and at maximizing ammonium production by this strain.