Background
MDM2 is a negative regulator of p53 and is upregulated in numerous human cancers. While different MDM2 splice variants have been observed in both normal tissues and malignant cells, their functions are poorly understood.
Conclusion
We found P2-MDM2-10 and MDM2-Δ5 to have distinct biological functions in breast cancer cells. General significance: Alternative splicing may influence the oncogenic effects of the MDM2 gene.
Methods
We evaluated the effect of MDM2 splice variants by overexpression in MCF-7 cells and analyses of expression of downstream genes (qPCR and Western blot), subcellular localization (immunofluorescence), cell cycle assays (Nucleocounter3000), apoptosis analysis (Annexin V detection), and induction of senescence (β-galactosidase analysis).
Results
In a screen for MDM2 splice variants in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, extended with data from healthy leukocytes, we found P2-MDM2-10 and MDM2-Δ5 to be the splice variants expressed at highest levels. Contrasting MDM2 full-length protein, we found normal tissue expression levels of P2-MDM2-10 and MDM2-Δ5 to be highest in individuals harboring the promoter SNP309TT genotype. While we detected no protein product coded for by MDM2-Δ5, the P2-MDM2-10 variant generated a protein markedly more stable than MDM2-FL. Both splice variants were significantly upregulated in stressed cells (P=4.3 × 10-4 and P=7.1 × 10-4, respectively). Notably, chemotherapy treatment and overexpression of P2-MDM2-10 or MDM2-Δ5 both lead to increased mRNA levels of the endogenous MDM2-FL (P=.039 and P=.070, respectively) but also the proapoptotic gene PUMA (P=.010 and P=.033, respectively), accompanied by induction of apoptosis and repression of senescence.
Significance
Alternative splicing may influence the oncogenic effects of the MDM2 gene.