Abstract
Influenza is a highly contagious, acute respiratory disease that causes significant public health and economic threats. Influenza infection induces various inflammatory mediators, IFNs, and recruitment of inflammatory cells in the host. This inflammatory "cytokine storm" is thought to play a role in influenza-induced lung pathogenesis. Empagliflozin is a drug primarily used to lower blood glucose in type II diabetes patients by inhibiting the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) found in the proximal tubules in the kidneys. In this study, we have investigated the effects of empagliflozin on the pulmonary immune response to influenza infection. C57BL/6 mice (wild type) were infected with influenza A/PR/8/34 and treated with empagliflozin, and the disease outcomes were analyzed. Empagliflozin treatment decreased the expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and CCL2; the percentage of inflammatory monocytes and inducible NO synthase-positive macrophages; and IFN response genes Stat1 and CXCL9 during influenza infection. Further, empagliflozin treatment decreases the expression of IL-6, CCL2, and CCL5 in RAW264.7 macrophages and bone marrow-derived macrophages. However, empagliflozin treatment increased influenza viral titer during infection. Despite fostering an increased viral burden, treatment with empagliflozin decreases the mortality in wild type and high fat diet-induced atherosclerotic LDLR-/- mice. Based on our findings, empagliflozin may have therapeutic implications for use in patients to prevent lung damage and acute respiratory illness.