Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE: We assess the feasibility of using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy (CARS) as optical tools for human brain tissue identification during deep brain stimulation (DBS) lead insertion, thereby providing a promising avenue for additional real-time neurosurgical guidance. AIM: We developed a system that can acquire CARS and DRS spectra during the DBS surgery procedure to identify the tissue composition along the lead trajectory. APPROACH: DRS and CARS spectra were acquired using a custom-built optical probe integrated in a commercial DBS lead. The lead was inserted to target three specific regions in each of the brain hemispheres of a human cadaver. Spectra were acquired during the lead insertion at constant position increments. Spectra were analyzed to classify each spectrum as being from white matter (WM) or gray matter (GM). The results were compared with tissue classification performed on histological brain sections. RESULTS: DRS and CARS spectra obtained using the optical probe can identify WM and GM during DBS lead insertion. The tissue composition along the trajectory toward a specific target is unique and can be differentiated by the optical probe. Moreover, the results obtained with principal component analysis suggest that DRS might be able to detect the presence of blood due to the strong optical absorption of hemoglobin. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to use optical measurements from the DBS lead during surgery to identify WM and GM and possibly the presence of blood in human brain tissue. The proposed optical tool could inform the surgeon during the lead placement if the lead has reached the target as planned. Our tool could eventually replace microelectrode recordings, which would streamline the process and reduce surgery time. Further developments are required to fully integrate these tools into standard clinical procedures.