Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Fifty percent of pregnant females experience pain with 20% reporting long-term pain post-partum. Pregnant females undergo changes in foot anthropometry, lower extremity alignment, and joint laxity. It is unknown if asymmetric alterations may be related to development of pain. The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to compare asymmetric alignment in pregnant females with and without pain during pregnancy and in nulliparous controls and 2) to assess the relationship between asymmetric alignment and pain severity in all participants. METHODS: Ten pregnant females in their third trimester and nine nulliparous controls participated. Bilateral asymmetry of foot length, width, arch index, arch height index, arch rigidity index, arch drop, rearfoot angle, and pelvic obliquity were determined. Joint laxity and musculoskeletal pain were also assessed. ANOVAs were utilized to compare asymmetries between pregnant females reporting pain (n = 5), those not reporting pain (n = 5), and controls. Spearman's Rho correlations were used to relate asymmetry to pain magnitude (α = 0.05). RESULTS: No statistical differences (p>0.05) were found between pregnant females with or without pain and controls for any of the metrics. Negative correlations were found between arch index asymmetry and low back pain (p = 0.005), foot length asymmetry and lower leg pain (p = 0.008), and pelvic obliquity and lower leg pain (p = 0.020). Positive correlations were found between foot width asymmetry and knee pain (p = 0.028), as well as arch drop asymmetry and upper leg (p = 0.024), knee (p = 0.005), and lower leg pain (p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: This study was successful in identifying potential targets for prevention and treatment of pain in pregnancy. Furthermore, because pain during pregnancy may be predictive of pain post-partum, it is important to conduct future research to determine both if interventions such as footwear or exercise can prevent or treat these asymmetries and prevent post-partum pain.