Abstract
MOTIVATION: The modification of N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) in RNA is a conserved epigenetic mark that plays a crucial role in post-transcriptional regulation, mRNA stability, and translation efficiency. Traditional methods for detecting ac4C modifications are laborious and costly, necessitating the development of efficient computational approaches for accurate identification of ac4C sites in mRNA. RESULTS: We present DPNN-ac4C, a dual-path neural network with a self-attention mechanism for the identification of ac4C sites in mRNA. Our model integrates embedding modules, bidirectional GRU networks, convolutional neural networks, and self-attention to capture both local and global features of RNA sequences. Extensive evaluations demonstrate that DPNN-ac4C outperforms existing models, achieving an AUROC of 91.03%, accuracy of 82.78%, MCC of 65.78%, and specificity of 84.78% on an independent test set. Moreover, DPNN-ac4C exhibits robustness under the Fast Gradient Method attack, maintaining a high level of accuracy in practical applications. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The model code and dataset are publicly available on GitHub (https://github.com/shock1ng/DPNN-ac4C).