Abstract
Low-income populations are at higher risk of missing appointments, resulting in fragmented care and worsening disparities. Compared to face-to-face encounters, telehealth visits are more convenient and could improve access for low-income populations. All outpatient encounters at the Parkland Health between March 2020 and June 2022 were included. No-show rates were compared across encounter types (face-to-face vs telehealth). Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the association of encounter type and no-show encounters, clustering by individual patient and adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, and social vulnerability. Interaction analyses were performed. There were 355,976 unique patients with 2,639,284 scheduled outpatient encounters included in this dataset. 59.9% of patients were of Hispanic ethnicity, while 27.0% were of Black race. In a fully adjusted model, telehealth visits were associated with a 29% reduction in odds of no-show (aOR 0.71, 95% CI: 0.70-0.72). Telehealth visits were associated with significantly greater reductions in probability of no-show among patients of Black race and among those who resided in the most socially vulnerable areas. Telehealth encounters were more effective in reducing no-shows in primary care and internal medicine subspecialties than surgical specialties or other non-surgical specialties. These data suggest that telehealth may serve as a tool to improve access to care in socially complex patient populations.