Abstract
Calcium (Ca(2+)) plays essential roles in generative reproduction of angiosperms, but the sites and mechanisms of Ca(2+) storage and mobilization during pollen-pistil interactions have not been fully defined. Both external and internal Ca(2+) stores are likely important during male gametophyte communication with the sporophytic and gametophytic cells within the pistil. Given that calreticulin (CRT), a Ca(2+)-buffering protein, is able to bind Ca(2+) reversibly, it can serve as a mobile store of easily releasable Ca(2+) (so called an exchangeable Ca(2+)) in eukaryotic cells. CRT has typical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) targeting and retention signals and resides primarily in the ER. However, localization of this protein outside the ER has also been revealed in both animal and plant cells, including Golgi/dictyosomes, nucleus, plasma membrane/cell surface, plasmodesmata, and even extracellular matrix. These findings indicate that CRT may function in a variety of different cell compartments and specialized structures. We have recently shown that CRT is highly expressed and accumulated in the ER of plant cells involved in pollen-pistil interactions in Petunia, and we proposed an essential role for CRT in intracellular Ca(2+) storage and mobilization during the key reproductive events. Here, we demonstrate that both CRT and exchangeable Ca(2+) are localized in the intra/extracellular peripheries of highly specialized plant cells, such as the pistil transmitting tract cells, pollen tubes, nucellus cells surrounding the embryo sac, and synergids. Based on our present results, we propose that extracellularly located CRT is also involved in Ca(2+) storage and mobilization during sexual reproduction of angiosperms.