Background
Most previous studies attempting to prove the phenomenon of mother-to-infant microbiota transmission were observational, performed only at genus/species-level resolution, and relied entirely on non-culture-based methodologies, impeding interpretation.
Conclusions
This study presented direct and strain-level evidence of mother-to-infant bacterial transmission through lactation and provided insights into the impact of milk microbiota on infant gut colonization. Video Abstract.
Results
This work aimed to use a biomarker strain, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Probio-M8 (M8), to directly evaluate the vertical transmission of maternally ingested bacteria by integrated culture-dependent/-independent methods. Our culture and metagenomics results showed that small amounts of maternally ingested bacteria could translocate to the infant gut via oral-/entero-mammary routes through lactation. Interestingly, many mother-infant-pair-recovered M8 homologous isolates exhibited high-frequency nonsynonymous mutations in a sugar transporter gene (glcU) and altered carbohydrate utilization preference/capacity compared with non-mutant isolates, suggesting that M8 underwent adaptive evolution for better survival in simple sugar-deprived lower gut environments. Conclusions: This study presented direct and strain-level evidence of mother-to-infant bacterial transmission through lactation and provided insights into the impact of milk microbiota on infant gut colonization. Video Abstract.